Акция для читателей блога.
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The following table lists features available on the Advanced Search page that are accessible via search operators.
Advanced Search
Features Search
Operators
File Format filetype:
Occurrences
in the title of the page
in the text of the page
in the URL of the page
in the links to the page
allintitle:
allintext:
allinurl:
allinanchor:
Domain site:
Similar related:
Links link:
Safesearch safesearch:
The following is an alphabetical list of the search operators. This list includes operators that are not in Google's online help. Each entry typically includes the syntax, the capabilities, and an example. Some of the search operators won't work as intended if you put a space between the ":" and the subsequent query word. If you don't care to check which search operators require no space after the colon, always place the keyword immediately next to the colon. Many search operators can appear anywhere in your query. In our examples, I placed the search operator as far to the right as possible. We did this since the Advanced Search form writes queries in this way. Also, such a convention makes it clearer as to which operators are associated with which terms.
allinanchor:
If you start your query with allinanchor:, Google restricts results to pages containing all query terms you specify in the anchor text on links to the page. For example, [ allinanchor: best museums sydney ] will return only pages in which the anchor text on links to the pages contain the words "best," "museums," and "sydney."
Anchor text is the text on a page that is linked to another web page or a different place on the current page. When you click on anchor text, you will be taken to the page or place on the page to which it is linked. When using allinanchor: in your query, do not include any other search operators. The functionality of allinanchor: is also available through the Advanced Web Search page, under Occurrences.
allintext:
If you start your query with allintext:, Google restricts results to those containing all the query terms you specify in the text of the page. For example, [ allintext: travel packing list ] will return only pages in which the words "travel," "packing," and "list" appear in the text of the page. This functionality can also be obtained through the Advanced Web Search page, under Occurrences.
allintitle:
If you start your query with allintitle:, Google restricts results to those containing all the query terms you specify in the title. For example, [ allintitle: detect plagiarism ] will return only documents that contain the words "detect" and "plagiarism" in the title. This functionality can also be obtained through the Advanced Web Search page, under Occurrences.
In Image Search, the operator allintitle: will return images in files whose names contain the terms that you specify.
In Google News, the operator allintitle: will return articles whose titles include the terms you specify.
allinurl:
If you start your query with allinurl:, Google restricts results to those containing all the query terms you specify in the URL. For example, [ allinurl: google faq ] will return only documents that contain the words "google" and "faq" in the URL. This functionality can also be obtained through the Advanced Web Search page, under Occurrences.
In URLs, words are often run together. They need not be run together when you're using allinurl:.
In Google News, the operator allinurl: will return articles whose titles include the terms you specify.
author:
If you include author: in your query, Google will restrict your Google Groups results to include newsgroup articles by the author you specify. The author can be a full or partial name or email address. For example, [ children author:john author:doe ] or [ children author:doe@someaddress.com ] return articles that contain the word "children" written by John Doe or doe@someaddress.com
Google will search for exactly what you specify. If your query contains [ author:"John Doe" ], Google won't find articles where the author is specified as "Doe, John."
bphonebook:
If you start your query with bphonebook:, Google shows business white page listings for the query terms you specify. For example, [ bphonebook: google mountain view ] will show the phonebook listing for Google in Mountain View.
cache:
The query cache:url will display Google's cached version of a web page, instead of the current version of the page. For example, [ cache:www.eff.org ] will show Google's cached version of the Electronic Frontier Foundation home page.
Note: Do not put a space between cache: and the URL (web address).
On the cached version of a page, Google will highlight terms in your query that appear after the cache: search operator. For example, [ cache:www.pandemonia.com/flying/ fly diary ] will show Google's cached version of Flight Diary in which Hamish Reid's documents what's involved in learning how to fly with the terms "fly" and "diary" highlighted.
define:
If you start your query with define:, Google shows definitions from pages on the web for the term that follows. This advanced search operator is useful for finding definitions of words, phrases, and acronyms. For example, [ define: blog ] will show definitions for "Blog" (weB LOG).
ext:
This is an undocumented alias for filetype:.
filetype:
If you include filetype:suffix in your query, Google will restrict the results to pages whose names end in suffix. For example, [ web page evaluation checklist filetype:pdf ] will return Adobe Acrobat pdf files that match the terms "web," "page," "evaluation," and "checklist." You can restrict the results to pages whose names end with pdf and doc by using the OR operator, e.g. [ email security filetype:pdf OR filetype:doc ].
When you don't specify a File Format in the Advanced Search Form or the filetype: operator, Google searches a variety of file formats, see the table in the File Type Conversion section.
group:
If you include group: in your query, Google will restrict your Google Groups results to newsgroup articles from certain groups or subareas. For example, [ sleep groups:misc.kids.moderated ] will return articles in the group misc.kids.moderated that contain the word "sleep" and [ sleep groups:misc.kids ] will return articles in the subarea misc.kids that contain the word "sleep."
id:
This is an undocumented alias for info:.
inanchor:
If you include inanchor: in your query, Google will restrict the results to pages containing the query terms you specify in the anchor or links to the page. For example, [ restaurants inanchor:gourmet ] will return pages in which the anchor text on links to the pages contain the word "gourmet" and the page contains the word "restaurants."
info:
The query info:url will present some information about the corresponding web page. For instance, [ info:gothotel.com ] will show information about the national hotel directory GotHotel.com home page. Note: There must be no space between the info: and the web page url.
This functionality can also be obtained by typing the web page url directly into a Google search box.
insubject:
If you include insubject: in your query, Google will restrict articles in Google Groups to those that contain the terms you specify in the subject. For example, [ insubject:"falling asleep" ] will return Google Group articles that contain the phrase "falling asleep" in the subject.
Equivalent to intitle:.
intext:
The query intext:term restricts results to documents containing term in the text. For instance, [ Hamish Reid intext:pandemonia ] will return documents that mention the word "pandemonia" in the text, and mention the names "Hamish" and "Reid" anywhere in the document (text or not). Note: There must be no space between the intext: and the following word.
Putting intext: in front of every word in your query is equivalent to putting allintext: at the front of your query, e.g., [ intext:handsome intext:poets ] is the same as [ allintext: handsome poets ].
intitle:
The query intitle:term restricts results to documents containing term in the title. For instance, [ flu shot intitle:help ] will return documents that mention the word "help" in their titles, and mention the words "flu" and "shot" anywhere in the document (title or not). Note: There must be no space between the intitle: and the following word.
Putting intitle: in front of every word in your query is equivalent to putting allintitle: at the front of your query, e.g., [ allintitle: google search ].
inurl:
If you include inurl: in your query, Google will restrict the results to documents containing that word in the url. For instance, [ inurl:healthy eating ] will return documents that mention the words "healthy" in their url, and mention the word "eating" anywhere in the document (url or no). Note: There must be no space between the inurl: and the following word.
Putting inurl: in front of every word in your query is equivalent to putting allinurl: at the front of your query, e.g., [ inurl:healthy inurl:eating ] is the same as [ allinurl: healthy eating ].
In URLs, words are often run together. They need not be run together when you're using inurl:.
link:
The query link:URL shows pages that point to that URL. For example, to find pages that point to Google Guide's home page, enter:
[ link:www.googleguide.com ]
Find links to the Google home page not on Google's own site.
[ link:www.google.com -site:google.com ]
location:
If you include location: in your query on Google News, only articles from the location you specify will be returned. For example, [ queen location:uk ] will show articles that match the term "queen" from sites in the United Kingdom.
movie:
If you include movie: in your query, Google will find movie-related information. For examples, see Google's Blog.
msgid:
If you include msgid: in your query, Google will restrict your Google Groups results to a newsgroup article with the specified message ID. For example, [ msgid: ] will return the article whose message id is .
phonebook:
If you start your query with phonebook:, Google shows all white page listings for the query terms you specify. For example, [ phonebook: Krispy Kreme Mountain View ] will show the phonebook listing of Krispy Kreme donut shops in Mountain View.
related:
The query related:URL will list web pages that are similar to the web page you specify. For instance, [ related:www.consumerreports.org ] will list web pages that are similar to the Consumer Reports home page. Note: Don't include a space between the related: and the web page url. You can also find similar pages from the Similar pages link on Google's main results page, and from the similar selector in the Page-Specific Search area of the Advanced Search page. If you expect to search frequently for similar pages, consider installing a GoogleScout browser button, which scouts for similar pages.
rphonebook:
If you start your query with rphonebook:, Google shows residential white page listings for the query terms you specify. For example, [ rphonebook: monty python Oakland ] will show the phonebook listing for Monty Python in Oakland.
safesearch:
If you include safesearch: in your query, Google will exclude adult-content. For example, [ safesearch:breasts ] will search for information on breasts without returning adult or pornographic sites.
site:
If you include site: in your query, Google will restrict your search results to the site or domain you specify. For example, [ admissions site:www.lse.ac.uk ] will show admissions information from London School of Economics' site and [ peace site:gov ] will find pages about peace within the .gov domain. You can specify a domain with or without a period, e.g., either as .gov or gov.
Note: Do not include a space between the "site:" and the domain.
You can use many of the search operators in conjunction with the basic search operators +, -, OR, " ." For example, to find information on Windows security from all sites except Microsoft.com, enter:
[ windows security -site:microsoft.com ]
You can also restrict your results to as ite or domain through the domains selector on the Advanced Search page.
source:
If you include source: in your query, Google News will restrict your search to articles from the news source with the ID you specify. For example, [ election source:new_york_times ] will return with the word "election" that appear in the New York Times.
To find a news source ID, enter a query that includes a term and the name of the publication you're seeking. You can also specify the publication name in the "news source" field in the Advanced News Search form. You'll find the news source ID in the query box, following the source: search operator. For example, if the search box contains [ peace source:ha_aretz ], then the news source ID is ha_aretz. This query will only return articles that include the word "peace" from the Israeli newspaper Ha'aretz.
stocks:
If you start your query with stocks:, Google will interpret the rest of the query terms as stock ticker symbols, and will link to a page showing stock information for the symbols you specify. For instance, [ stocks:brcm brcd ] will show information about Broadcom Corporation and Brocade Communications System. Note: Specify ticker symbols not company names. If you enter an invalid ticker symbol, you'll be told so and taken to a page where you can look up a valid ticker symbol. You can also obtain stock information by entering one or more NYSE, NASDAQ, AMEX, or mutual fund ticker symbols in Google's query box, e.g., [ brcm brcd ] and then clicking on the "Show stock quotes" link that appears near the top of the results page.
store:
If you include store: in your query, Froogle will restrict your search to the store ID you specify. For example, [ polo shirt store:llbean ] will return listings that match the terms "polo" and "shirt" from the store L. L. Bean.
To find a store ID, enter the name of the store and click on the link "See all results from store." You'll find the store ID in the query box, after the store: search operator.
weather
If you include weather in your query, Google will include weather for the location you specify. Since weather is not an advanced operator, there is no need to include a colon after the word. For example, [ weather Sunnyvale CA ] will return the weather for Sunnyvale, California and [ weather 94041 ] will return the weather for the city containing the zip code 94041, which is Mountain View, California.
The following table lists the search operators that work with each Google search service.
The Google Guide Advanced Operator Quick Reference (www.googleguide.com/advanced_operators_reference.html) provides a nice summary of the search operators grouped by type. It includes search operators not yet documented by Google, e.g., allinanchor:, allintext:, author:, ext:, group:, id:, insubject:, intext:, intitle:, location:, phonebook:, source:, and store:. Be forewarned that Google may change how undocumented operators work or eliminate them completely.
Using More than One Search Operator
You may use many of the basic operators and search operators with each other. However, there are some that must be used by themselves and others that you should be careful about using together.
Search Operators that Can't Be Combined
There are about a dozen search operators that can't be combined with any other. If you do, Google probably won't return any matching documents. Search operators that shouldn't be mixed include:
All the search operators whose names begin with "allin," e.g., allinanchor:, allintext:, allintitle:, and allinurl:.
Syntaxes that request special information, e.g., define:, phonebook, bphonebook, rphonebook, stocks:.
Combine Search Operators Carefully
Be careful not to cancel out the effect of a search operator when including more than one in your query. Here are some rules to follow:
Don't use search operators that will cancel each other out. For example, [ admission site:stanford.edu -inurl:stanford ] searches for pages that are on the site stanford.edu that do not contain the string "stanford" in their URL or web addresses. None fit the bill.
Take care not to exclude all results when using certain search operators more than once in a query. For example, [ sleep recommendations site:edu site:cdc.gov ] will not return any sleep recommendation since the query looks for results appearing on both the .edu domain and the cdc.gov sites simultaneously. If you want results from both, include OR between the two site: specifications, i.e., [ sleep recommendations site:edu OR site:cdc.gov ]. Search operators that should either be used once in a query or in combination with OR include: filetype: site:, and group:.
Focus your search by using several search operators. For example, [ intext:e-mail intitle:security -site:microsoft.com ] finds pages whose titles contain the word "security," with the word "e-mail" on the text of the page and not on the site microsoft.com.
Exercises
This problem set is designed to give you experiences with search operators and practice with specifying more precisely what you're seeking by using the Advanced Search form. For hints and answers to selected problems, see the Solutions page in the Appendix.
Use the site: operator to search for armchairs on Ikea's site, www.ikea.com
Use the Advanced Search form to find the page whose title is "Some Ways to Detect Plagiarism." When the title is entered in lowercase letters, the query box on the results page contains [allintitle; "ways to detect plagiarism" ].
Find all pages on google.com but not on answers.google.com nor on directory.google.com whose titles include the words "FAQ" or "help."
Use the link: operator to see who links to googleguide.com, your company's website, or your favorite website.
Find pages whose titles include surfing that are not about surfing the World Wide Web.
Find out where the upcoming international conference on AIDS is being held.
Understanding how Google treats your search terms will help you devise effective queries and revise ineffective ones.
Google returns only pages that match all your search terms.
A search for [ compact fold-up bicycle ] finds pages containing the words "compact" and "fold-up" and "bicycle." Because you don't need to include the word AND between your terms, this notation is called an implicit AND.
[ compact fold-up bicycle ]
Because of implicit AND, you can focus your query by adding more terms.
[ compact lightweight fold-up bicycle ]
Note: If you want pages containing any (instead of all) of your search terms, use the OR operator, which is described in the next section Crafting Your Query.
Note: Google sometimes returns pages that don't contain your query terms, as you can see in the example in the Cached Pages section in Part II. Google returns pages in which your query terms are included in the link text (interpreted as a description) to another page or place on the page, more commonly referred to as the anchor text of a link pointing to the page.
Google returns pages that match your search terms exactly.
In his book Internet Research, Second Edition (McFarland & Company, 2001), Ned Fielden notes "Google simply matches strings of characters together and doesn't currently base inferences on uses of the language. Although this searching method has some drawbacks, it harnesses one of the fabulous powers of computers, [the ability] to sift through enormous heaps of data quickly and accurately."
If you search for ... Google won't find ...
cheap inexpensive
tv television
effects influences
children kids
car automobile
Calif OR CA California
NYC New York City
Google returns pages that match variants of your search terms.
The query [ child bicycle helmet ] finds pages that contain words that are similar to some or all of your search terms, e.g., "child," "children," or "children's," "bicycle" "bicycles," "bicycle's," "bicycling," or "bicyclists," and "helmet" or "helmets." Google calls this feature word variations or automatic stemming. Stemming is a technique to search on the stem or root of a word that can have multiple endings.
If you only want to search for pages that contain some term(s) exactly, precede each such term with a plus sign (+) or enclose more than one term in quotes (" ").
Google doesn't match variants when your query consists of a single term.
Note: When you want synonyms or variants that Google doesn't find, consider using either the OR or tilde operator, which is described in the next section Crafting Your Query.
Google ignores some common words called "stop words," e.g., the, on, where, how, de, la, as well as certain single digits and single letters.
Stop words tend to slow down your search without improving the results. Google will indicate if a stop word has been excluded on the results page below the search box.
[ lyrics to the Dixie Chicks' songs ]
Note: Use the + operator or enclose more than one term in quotes (" ") to force Google to include terms it would otherwise ignore. I describe these basic operators and others in the next section, 6 Crafting Your Query.
If your query consists only of common words that Google normally ignores, Google will search for pages that match all the terms.
[ the who ]
Note: Find more pages mentioning the rock band The Who by entering [ "the who" ], a notation you'll learn about in the next section Crafting Your Query.
Google limits queries to 32 words.
Google will indicate in a message below the query box at the top of the page if your query exceeds the 32-word limit. The 32-word limit applies to search terms and operators but not stop words.
The limit was previously 10 words, as shown in the following image.
The following query finds sites that have included Google Guide's description of how Google works.
[ "Google consists of three distinct parts, each of which is run on a distributed network of thousands of low-cost computers and can therefore carry out fast parallel processing. Parallel processing is a method of computation in which many calculations can be performed simultaneously, significantly speeding up data processing." ]
Google favors results that have your search terms near each other.
Google considers the proximity of your search terms within a page. So the query [ snake grass ] finds pages about a plant of that name, while [ snake in the grass ] tends to emphasize pages about sneaky people. Although Google ignores the words "in" and "the," (these are stop words), Google gives higher priority to pages in which "snake" and "grass" are separated by two words.
[ snake grass ]
[ snake in the grass ]
Note: The description of a wildcard in the section Craft Your Query may help you to understand how Google interprets queries containing words that it ignores.
Google gives higher priority to pages that have the terms in the same order as in your query.
Consequently, you should enter search terms in the order in which you would expect to find them on the pages you're seeking. A search for [ New York library ] gives priority to pages about New York's libraries. While the query [ new library of York ] gives priority to pages about the new libraries in York.
[ New York library ]
[ new library of York ]
Google is NOT case sensitive; it assumes all search terms are lowercase.
Ignoring case distinctions increases the number of results Google finds. A search for [ Red Cross ] finds pages containing "Red Cross," "red cross," or "RED CROSS."
[ Red Cross ], [ red cross ], and [ RED CROSS ] return the same results
There is no way to instruct Google to pay attention to case distinctions, e.g., you can't tell Google to find only occurrences of "Red Cross" where the first letter of each word is capitalized.
Note: The words "OR" and "AND" have special meanings if entered in uppercase letters.
Google ignores some punctuation and special characters, including ! ? , . ; [ ] @ / # < > .
Because punctuation is typically not as important as the text around it, Google ignores most punctuation in your search terms. There are exceptions, e.g., C++ and $99. Mathematical symbols, such as /, <, and >, are not ignored by Google's calculator.
[ Dr. Ruth ] returns the same results as [ Dr Ruth ]
What if you're seeking information that includes punctuation that Google ignores, e.g., an email address? Just enter the whole thing including the punctuation.
Be aware that web pages sometimes camouflage email addresses to make collecting such information difficult for spammers. For example, on some sites you'll find the @ sign in an email address replaced with the word "at."
Now we'll look at some special characters that Google doesn't ignore.
A term with an apostrophe (single quotes) doesn't match the term without an apostrophe.
A query with the term "we're" returns different results from a query with the term "were."
[ we're ] matches "we're" but not "were"
[ were ] matches "were" but not "we're"
A term with a diacritic doesn't match a term without it and vice versa.
"A diacritic is a mark, such as the cedilla of façade or the acute accent of resumé, added to a letter to indicate a special phonetic value or distinguish words that are otherwise graphically identical," according to Dictionary.com.
[ Schröder ] matches "Schröder" but not "Schroder" nor "Schroeder"
[ Schroeder ] matches "Schroeder" but not Schröder" nor "Schroder"
[ Schroder ] matches "Schroder" but not Schröder" nor "Schroeder"
[ Côte d'Ivoire ] matches "Côte d'Ivoire" but not "Cote d'Ivoire"
[ Cote d'Ivoire ] matches "Cote d'Ivoire" but not "Côte d'Ivoire"
[ mañana ] matches "mañana" but not "manana"
[ manana ] matches "manana" but not "mañana"
If you want pages containing either "mañana" or "manana", use the OR operator, which is described in the section Crafting Your Query.
Note: For queries with diacritics, results vary depending on the language to which you are confining your search. For example, when I search for Martín (a Spanish name), the US version of Google returns only pages that include "Martín" but when I restrict my search to pages in Spanish, Google returns pages that include either "Martín" or "Martin.".
Search all pages: [ Martín ] matches "Martín" but not "Martin"
Search Spanish pages: [ Martín ] matches "Martín" and "Martin"
Because some people spell hyphenated words with a hyphen and others with a space, Google searches for variations on any hyphenated terms.
When Google encounters a hyphen (-) in a query term, e.g., [ part-time ], it searches for:
the term with the hyphen, e.g., part-time
the term without the hyphen, e.g., parttime
the term with the hyphen replaced by a space, e.g., part time
[ part-time ] matches "part-time," "part time," and "parttime"
[ part time ] matches "part-time" and "part time"
If you aren't sure whether a word is hyphenated, go ahead and search for it with a hyphen.
The following table summarizes how Google interprets your query.
Search Behaviors Descriptions
Implicit AND Google returns pages that match all your search terms. Because you don't need to include the logical operator AND between your terms, this notation is called an implicit AND.
Exact Matching Google returns pages that match your search terms exactly.
Word Variation
Automatic Stemming Google returns pages that match variants of your search terms.
Common-Word Exclusion Google ignores some common words called "stop words," e.g., the, on, where, and how. Stop words tend to slow down searches without improving results.
32-Word Limit Google limits queries to 32 words.
Term Proximity Google gives more priority to pages that have search terms near to each other.
Term Order Google gives more priority to pages that have search terms in the same order as the query.
Case Insensitivity Google is case-insensitive; it assumes all search terms are lowercase.
Ignoring Punctuation Google ignores most punctuation and special characters including , . ; ? [ ] ( ) @ / * < >
Accented Letters A term with an accent doesn't match a term without an accent and vice versa.
Exercises
These problems are intended to help you understand how Google interprets your search terms. For hints and answers to selected problems, see the Solutions page in the Appendix.
Indicate which queries would match a page containing "GoogleGuide."
[ guide ] [ leg ] [ googleguide ] [ GoogleGuide ] [ google ]
What is the usual percentage gratuity (tip) to give in a big city in the United States to a person who provides take-out service, i.e., gives you your orders and accepts payment for the food?
Indicate which words the following queries will find:
[ non-profit ] non-profit non profit nonprofit
[ non profit ] non-profit non profit nonprofit
[ nonprofit ] non-profit non profit nonprofit
Which queries would you predict to be most likely to find sites with discounted designer linens?
By using special characters and operators, such as +, -, ~, .., *, OR, and quotation marks, you can fine-tune your search query and increase the accuracy of its results.
To search for a phrase, a proper name, or a set of words in a specific order, put them in double quotes.
A query with terms in quotes finds pages containing the exact quoted phrase. For example, [ "Larry Page" ] finds pages containing exactly the phrase "Larry Page." So this query would find pages mentioning Google's co-founder Larry Page, but not pages containing "Larry has a home page" or "Congressional page Larry Smith." The query [ Larry Page ] (without quotes) would find pages containing any of "Larry Page," "Larry has a home page," or "Congressional page Larry Smith."
[ "Larry Page" ]
[ Larry Page ]
A quoted phrase is the most widely used type of special search syntax.
[ "close your eyes and I'll kiss you" ]
[ "what you're looking for is already inside you" Anne Lamott speech ]
Use quotes to enter proper names.
[ "Julia Robinson" ]
[ "Rio de Janeiro" ]
Find recommendations by searching for pages containing lists.
Google will search for common words (stop words) included in quotes, which it would otherwise ignore.
USE [ "to be or not to be" ]
NOT [ to be or not to be ]
USE [ "how to change oil" ]
NOT [ how to change oil ]
Google doesn't perform automatic stemming on phrases, i.e., searching for pages that match variants of any of your search terms, which I described in the previous section Interpret Your Query. For example, if you want to see pages that mention only one favorite book rather than lists of favorite books, enclose your search terms in quotes.
[ "favorite book" ]
Some teachers use quoted phrases to detect plagiarism. They copy a few unique and specific phrases into the Google search box, surround them with quotes, and see if any results are too similar to their student's supposedly original work. Find ways to detect and prevent plagiarism.
[ "ways to detect plagiarism" ]
[ "how to detect plagiarism" ]
You may include more than one quoted string in a query. All quoted query phrases must appear on a result page; the implied AND works on both individual words and quoted phrases.
[ "The Cat in the Hat" "Green Eggs and Ham" ]
Note: You'll learn how to find a page by specifying its title in the section Using Search Operators.
Force Google to include a term by preceding the term with a "+" sign.
To force Google to search for a particular term, put a + sign operator in front of the word in the query. Note that you should not put a space between the + and the word, i.e. [ +The Beatles ], not [ + The Beatles ].
The + operator is typically used in front of stop words that Google would otherwise ignore or when you want Google to return only those pages that match your search terms exactly. However, the + operator can be used on any term.
Want to learn about Star Wars Episode One? "I" is a stop word and is not included in a search unless you precede it with a + sign.
USE [ Star Wars +I ]
NOT [ Star Wars I ]
Google excludes common words in English and in other languages, such as "la" (which means "the" in Spanish) and "de" (which means "of" in French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese). So if Google ignores a term critical to your search, e.g., LA (common abbreviation for Los Angeles), put a + sign in front of it.
USE [ jobs in central +LA California ]
NOT [ jobs in central LA California ]
The query [ jobs in central LA California ] finds jobs in central California, since the term "LA" is ignored because it's a stop word. Central California is at least a hundred miles (160 km) from central Los Angeles.
Disable automatic stemming, i.e., searching for pages that match variants of your search term(s), by preceding each term that you want to be matched exactly with the + operator. For example, if you want to see only pages mentioning one favorite book rather than lists of favorite books, precede the word "book" by a + sign.
[ favorite +book ]
What if you're looking for a string that contains a "+" sign? Though the character has special meaning, Google gives special attention to very common terms that include it, e.g., C++ (the name of a widely used computer language).
[ C++ ]
Precede each term you do not want to appear in any result with a "-" sign.
To find pages without a particular term, put a - sign operator in front of the word in the query. The - sign indicates that you want to subtract or exclude pages that contain a specific term. Do not put a space between the - and the word, i.e. [ dolphins -football ] not [ dolphins - football ].
So, to search for a twins support group in Minnesota, but not return pages relating to the Minnesota Twins baseball team:
USE [ twins support group Minnesota -baseball ]
NOT [ twins support group Minnesota ]
No pages containing the word "baseball" will be returned by the first query.
Find pages on "salsa" but not the dance nor dance classes.
USE [ salsa -dance -class ]
NOT [ salsa ]
Find synonyms by preceding the term with a ~, which is known as the tilde or synonym operator.
The tilde (~) operator takes the word immediately following it and searches both for that specific word and for the word's synonyms. It also searches for the term with alternative endings. The tilde operator works best when applied to general terms and terms with many synonyms. As with the + and - operators, put the ~ (tilde) next to the word, with no spaces between the ~ and its associated word, i.e., [ ~lightweight laptop ] not [ ~ lightweight laptop ].
Why did Google use tilde? In math, the "~" symbol means "is similar to ". The tilde tells Google to search for pages that are synonyms or similar to the term that follows.
[ ~inexpensive ] matches "inexpensive," "cheap," "affordable," and "low cost"
[ ~run ] matches "run," "runner's," "running," as well as "marathon"
Looking for a guide, help, tutorial, or tips on using Google?
[ google ~guide ]
Interested in food facts as well as nutrition and cooking information?
[ ~food ~facts ]
The synonym operator tends not to work well on well-defined terms.
[ ~cockroach ]
If you don't like the synonyms that Google suggests when you use the ~ operator, specify your own synonyms with the OR operator, which I describe next.
Note: Google offers a link to a dictionary and a thesaurus.
Specify synonyms or alternative forms with an uppercase OR or | (vertical bar).
The OR operator, which you may abbreviate with | (vertical bar), applies to the search terms immediately adjacent to it. The first example will find pages that include either "Tahiti" or "Hawaii" or both terms, but not pages that contain neither "Tahiti" nor "Hawaii."
[ Tahiti OR Hawaii ] or [ Tahiti | Hawaii ]
[ blouse OR shirt OR chemise ] or [ blouse | shirt | chemise ]
Note: If you write OR with a lowercase "o" or a lowercase "r," Google interprets the word as a search term instead of an operator.
Note: Unlike OR, a | (vertical bar) need not be surrounded by spaces.
[ bicycle|cycle ]
Use quotes (" ") to group compound words and phrases together.
[ "New Zealand" OR "Ivory Coast" holiday package ]
[ filter OR stop "junk email" OR spam ]
Google considers terms with accents different from those without. For example, Google interprets "côte" and "cote" as different terms and indexes them separately. To ensure that you retrieve many relevant pages, include all possible spellings separated by OR.
[ "Ivory Coast" OR "Côte d'Ivoire" OR "Cote d'Ivoire" ]
Specify that results contain numbers in a range by specifying two numbers, separated by two periods, with no spaces.
For example, specify that you are searching in the price range $250 to $1000 using the number range specification $250..$1000.
[ recumbant bicycle $250..$1000 ]
Use an *, known as a wildcard, to match any word in a phrase (enclosed in quotes).
Each * represents just one word. Google treats the * as a placeholder for a word. For example, [ "Google * my life" ] tells Google to find pages containing a phrase that starts with "Google" followed by a word, followed by "my life." Phrases that fit the bill include: "Google changed my life," "Google runs my life," and "Google is my life."
[ "Google * my life" ]
If you know there's a date on the page you're seeking but you don't know its format, specify several common formats. For example:
[ California election "Oct * 2003" OR "10/*/03" OR "October * 2003" ]
When you know only part of the phrase you wish to find, consider using the * operator. Find the title of Sherry Russell's book that can help you deal with the tragedies of 9/11 or losing a loved one.
[ "Conquering the * and * of Grief" ]
You can use the symbol * to search for terms that are a specified number of words from each other on any page (see below for examples specifying the number of words). This type of searching, known as proximity searching, is great when you know the start and end of a title or quote, but are unsure of the words in between. By trying each of these searches you will find the answer:
[ "Conquering the * Grief" ]
[ "Conquering the * * Grief" ]
[ "Conquering the * * * Grief" ]
[ "Conquering the * * * * Grief" ]
[ "Conquering the * * * * * Grief" ]
[ "Conquering the * * * * * * Grief" ]
[ "Conquering the * * * * * * * Grief" ]
[ "Conquering the * * * * * * * * Grief" ]
Proximity searching can be useful when you want to find pages that include someone's name in any of the following orders: first middle last, last first middle, first last, last first. To search for "Francis" adjacent or separated one word from "Coppola," requires four queries:
If you want to search for two terms separated by no more than two words, you'll need six queries. If you're interested in running proximity searches, try out GAPS, a third-party search tool available at http://www.staggernation.com/cgi-bin/gaps.cgi
Note: You can get around Google's 32-word limit on the number of words in your query by substituting an * in place of each stop word or common word in your query. Wildcards are not counted.
USE [ All grown-ups * once children--although few * them remember * ]
NOT [ All grown-ups were once children--although few of them remember it ]
Google chose the symbol * to match any word because in some computer systems, such as Unix, Linux, and DOS, * stands for one or more unspecified characters. In those languages it is typically used for selecting multiple files and directories.
Note: Stemming is a technique to search on the stem or root of a word that can have multiple endings. For example, on some search engines the query bicycl* will return results that match words including bicycle, bicycles, bicycling, bicycled, and bicyclists. Google ignores asterisks (*) that are not surrounded by spaces. The query [ bicycl* ] finds documents that contain "bicycl." Google automatically provides stemming.
This table summarizes how to use the basic search operators, described on this page. You may include any of these operators multiple times in a query.
Notation Find result Example
terms1 terms2 with both term1 and term2 [ carry-on luggage ]
term1 OR term2
term1 | term2 with either term1 or term2 or both [ Tahiti OR Hawaii ]
[ Tahiti | Hawaii ]
+term with term (The + operator is typically used in front of stop words that Google would otherwise ignore or when you want Google to return only pages that match your search terms exactly. However, the + operator can be used on any terms.) [ +i spy ]
-term without term [ twins minnesota -baseball ]
~term with term or one of its synonyms
(currently supported on Web and Directory search) [ google ~guide ]
number1..number2 with a number in the specified range
[ recumbant bicycle $250..$1000 ]
"phrase" with the exact phrase, a proper name, or a set of words in a specific order [ "I have a dream" ]
[ "Rio de Janeiro" ]
"terms1 * terms2" with the phrase (enclosed in quotes) and * replaced by any single word [ "Google * my life" ]
Queries that use Google's special notation may also be entered by using Google's Advanced Search, which we'll look at next.
Exercises
This problem set is designed to give you practice in refining your queries and in using Google's commands with special notation. For hints and answers to selected problems, see the Solutions page in the Appendix.
Find the Google "cheat sheet" that lists search operators and services.
How long before you go outside should you apply sunscreen?
Find advice on writing a will.
Search for your own name. Does Google find any references to you or a namesake?
See if there is any difference in your results if you type a period between your names rather than enclosing your name in quotes and if you just enter the opening quote, i.e., compare the results from [ Nancy.Blachman ], [ "Nancy Blachman" ], and [ "Nancy Blachman ].
Find pages on daily life in Afghanistan that do not mention war or the Taliban.
What is the history of the McIntosh Apple (the fruit), not the computer?
Find the terms that Google considers approximately equivalent to the term "cheap."
Find the terms that Google considers approximately equivalent to the term "volunteer."
Find today's weather forecast/condition.
Find recipes for zucchini, also known as courgette in the UK and France.
Find studio apartments for rent in Minneapolis or St. Paul, Minnesota.
Find Iranian restaurants in New Jersey and New York.
Which of the following phrases matches the query [ "Google * my life" ]?
"Google has enriched my life"
"Google changed my life"
"Google runs my life"
"Google has revolutionized my life"
"Google: I love my life"
"Google is my life"
I vaguely remember a song I learned as a child that contained the following verses.
The donuts in the army, they say are mighty fine. One rolled off the table and killed a friend of mine.
Chorus
Oh, I don't want no more of this army life.
Gee mom, I want to go. But they won't let me go.
Gee mom, I want to go home.
The nurses in the army, they say are mighty fine. Most are over 90, the rest are under 9.
Chorus
The coffee in the army, they say is mighty fine. Taste like muddy water and looks like iodine.
Chorus
The money in the army, they say is mighty fine. Give them $100 dollars, they'll give you back a dime.
Find other verses for this song and see how this song has been adapted by the Girl and Boy Scouts.
Note: The verses changed as they got passed around camps and schools.
Why does the query [ "the who" ] give more priority to results about the rock band The Who than the query [ the who ] but return significantly fewer results?
How do the results of the following two queries differ?
[ "how might I" ]
[ "how might I *" ]
[ "how might I *" ]?
Personally, I have a theory that some spammers want everyone practicing solid, common-sense SEO to believe that they're spamming, or that everyone is a black hat. To me, that fails at first blush; was I a spammer for changing the word "howto" on a page to "how to," because more people type it the second way? Of course not. I have a similar theory about doing spam reports--why would someone who claims that they will use any trick in the book whatsoever then turn around and try to convince people not to do spam reports? Those two beliefs ("I'll do anything to get ahead in rankings" and "Don't report a competing site that is using spam tactics") aren't especially consistent. There's a lot more nuance that I'd like to go into sometime, but I'll throw those points out there for people to discuss. :)
у меня на это семь причин :
первая причина это я ...
а вторая вся моя родня ..
третья причина это... а впрочем тут они все 7 причин http://www.windrosesoftware.com/optispider/
